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Infection and Persistent Infection of Human Papillomavirus Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in Xinjiang, China: A Prospective Cohort Study

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Abstract

Anal HPV infection is particularly prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). The purpose of this study was to understand the status and influencing factors of HPV infection in MSM in Urumqi, Xinjiang, in order to provide suggestions for policy formulation. A prospective cohort study was conducted among HIV-negative MSM in Urumqi Xinjiang between April 2016 and June 2023. 824 MSM were recruited. Data were collected anal swab results from self-administered questionnaires and laboratory tests. A Cox regression model was employed to analyze factors associated with HPV infection. The prevalence rates of high-risk HPV and low-risk HPV were 37.99% and 25.97%. Receptive anal intercourse is a well-established risk factor for both incident and persistent HPV infections among MSM. For new high-risk HPV infections, the adjusted hazard ratio is 1.55 (95% CI: 1.28—1.89), and for persistent high-risk HPV infections, the aHR is 1.95 (95% CI: 1.48—2.57). Similarly, for low-risk HPV, receptive anal intercourse increases the risk of incidence (aHR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07–1.67) and persistent infection (aHR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.18—2.29). Seeking sexual partners in bathhouses raised the risk of low-risk HPV infections (aHR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.05—1.76). Young MSM may face a higher risk of HPV infection. Implementing targeted HPV vaccination catch-up programs for the MSM population in Urumqi could offer significant societal benefits.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was funded by the Open Project of Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Control Research in Xinjiang (XJYS1706-2021011), Science and Technology Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team) Project of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (2022TSYCTD0013), The Scientific Research Innovation Team Project for Xinjiang Medical University (Grant no. XYD2024C04), The 14-th Five-Year Plan Distinctive Program of Public Health and Preventive Medicine in Higher Education, Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposome, Xinjiang Medical University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830011, China

    Guozhen Zhang, Heng Yang, Juyuan Bian, Shulipan Asilibieke, Tian Tian, Henry S. Lynn & Jianghong Dai

  2. The Key Laboratory of Special Environment and Health Research in Xinjiang, Urumqi, China

    Guozhen Zhang, Tian Tian, Henry S. Lynn & Jianghong Dai

Authors
  1. Guozhen Zhang
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  2. Heng Yang
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  3. Juyuan Bian
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  4. Shulipan Asilibieke
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  5. Tian Tian
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  6. Henry S. Lynn
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  7. Jianghong Dai
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Contributions

Guozhen Zhang: Conceptualization, Writing—Review & Editing; Heng Yang: Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft, Visualization; Juyuan Bian: Formal analysis, Software, Validation; Shulipan Asilibieke: Project Administration, Data Curation; Tian Tian: Project Administration, Data Curation; Henry S Lynn: Writing—Review & Editing; Jianghong Dai: Project Administration, Writing—Review & Editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianghong Dai.

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There are no conflicts of interest for any of the study authors.

Ethical Approval

All participants provided written informed consent. The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University's Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the study (Batch Number: 20160512–11).

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Zhang, G., Yang, H., Bian, J. et al. Infection and Persistent Infection of Human Papillomavirus Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in Xinjiang, China: A Prospective Cohort Study. AIDS Behav 29, 834–847 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-024-04569-8

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